As a kid, when reading Fellowship I got slogged down after the incident in Weathertop, and the journey through to Rivendell was just miserable and I couldn’t get through it.
I tried again and read the whole series after the movies came out. That bit was still miserable and a slog but I got to Rivendell, and no part of the rest of the books were as bad as Frodo being dragged through Mirkwood while wraithing out.
So, in Towers in the movie, there’s a notorious seen where the orcs are hungry and the uruks solve the problem by killing the complainer. It looks like meat’s back on the menu, boys! Which implies that orks and uruks have fine dining, but also are content to chew on a raw corpse. It’s one of the more referenced scenes in the Peter Jackson movie series.
Contrast the same (approximate) scene in the book: The company is on the move and one of the orcs hands Pippin and Merry a big piece of dried meat. Merry (I think) is skeptical and asks what it is, fearing it might be someone that walks on two legs. The orc tells him to check his privilege and mutters in black speech.
So…I would totally not be surprised if I’m only getting two-fifths of the story.
I’m pretty sure stars then were pinpricks in the firmament in the sky, so a huge lightbox.
While we have archeological data suggesting that the Hellenics and the Egyptians had strong models of the planets (they were both big into astrology, so there was a drive to develop enough math to predict where the planets would be next week or next year), there’s also a difference between what the intelligentsia knew about nature and what the laity believed. Socrates’ death sentence was for impiety, that is, challenging the temples. (See also Galileo)
But Egyptian history is deep, and I don’t know how Egyptian cosmology intersects with Hebrew cosmology on the timeline. Nor Hellenic cosmology, for that matter. Also, depending on the time, esoteric knowledge might be disseminated or kept secret. Astrologists were far less likely to be burned for witchcraft if the high lords couldn’t easily replace them. Sometimes the sun was a big orb that guided the motions of the planets, and sometimes it was a chariot driven by Helios or Apollo across the heavenly firmament resting on the shoulders of Atlas (or Hercules, for a day).
Curiously, circa 14th and 15th centuries, as the Islamic Golden Age was dusking, there was a surge of religious prosecutions and astronomers and algebraists were accused and executed for sorcery in Araby and Persia. (This golden age is why a lot of our night-sky stars have Arabic names, like Aldebaran, Deneb, Betelgeuse, Mizar, and Rigel – List on Wikipedia ).
It tells us while our best cosmological model might have improved with time, the common notions of the size and shape of the universe fluctuated with social movements, sometimes looking more like Carl Sagan’s model, and sometimes looking like a toddler’s imagining of the night sky.